Effectiveness Of An Extraction Process And Purification...

In this experiment, the effectiveness of an extraction process and purification process by sublimation is observed and used to selectively separate caffeine from teabags. In the first part of the experiment, water soluble materials, including caffeine, within the teabags are extracted into hot water because the solubility of caffeine in water increases as temperature increases. This is due to the concept that increasing kinetic energy through increasing temperature will allow the molecules in the solute to break apart from the intermolecular interactions more effectively. Afterwards, the solution was filtered using a Buchner funnel to remove any solids from the liquid solution containing the caffeine. Then, the solution is allowed to cool before the caffeine to be extracted from the water by using methylene chloride, sodium chloride, and anhydrous sodium sulfate as part of a liquid-liquid extraction work up. Specifically, this liquid-liquid extraction distributes the caffeine into t wo solvents, methylene chloride and water, which are insoluble and immiscible to each other. By using density, solubility, and polarity differences of a solute in a pair of solvents, the organic compound of interest can be transferred from one liquid phase to the other during an extraction. Since the two solvents used are insoluble and immiscible to each other, two layers, the organic layer and the aqueous layer, will form and can be extracted to obtain the caffeine. Since caffeine is nonpolar,Show MoreRelatedInulin : A Natural Polysaccharide802 Words   |  4 Pagesinulin from this plant in the near future.huangdong,,linxi yang. EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION HUuandong alexandra Several methods are available for the extraction and purification of Inulin from Jerusalem artichoke even though hot-water extraction is the widely used one. The various extraction methods that could obtain inulin successively from Jerusalem artichoke tubers includes hot water extraction, organic solvent (ethanol), extraction and ultra sonication technique. Regardless of the method followedRead MoreThe Use Of Sulfa Drugs During World War II1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthe news of its germ-killing power. Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley expanded on Fleming s work in 1938, at Oxford University. The researchers worked on the purification and chemistry of penicillin, that began intensely in 1939. To carry out a program of animal experiments and clinical trials the team needed to process up to 500 liters a week of mold filtrate. A team of penicillin girls was employed, at 2 a week, to inoculate and generally look after the fermentation. In effect, theRead MoreInsulin, A Therapeutic Protein1293 Words   |  6 Pagesa therapeutic protein, is used to treat diabetes. It was first introduced in the 1920’s as a therapeutic protein by a group of scientists at the University of Toronto. Then Frederick Banting perfected the extraction and purification years later. The discovery of insulin and the purification of it is a long and controversial journey as many scientist contributed to the most meaningful discovery in medical science. Diabetes is when there are high levels of blood sugar over a long period of timeRead MoreA Brief Note On Malaria And Its Effects On The Worlds Poorest1441 Words   |  6 Pageswater for soaking it, wring it out to obtain the juice and ingest it in its entirety.† However, according to an interview that Dr. Tu gave to the New Scientist that â€Å"the heating involved in the conventional extraction step that we had used might have destroyed the active components, and that extraction at a lower temperature might be necessary to preserve antimalarial activity.† After that realization, she made another preparation using an ether-based solvent, which boils at 35 degrees Celsius, or 95Read MoreMolecular Microbiology Laboratory1580 Words   |  7 Pagescleanliness of the elliptical will be made based on species-abundance as well as evidence of any pathogenic strains. We will also compare and contrast respective populations of bacteria on clean and disinfected ellipticals to assess disinfectant effectiveness. Methods We collected bacteria from the elliptical, purified and amplified the total community DNA, and then analyzed the sequenced DNA with Mi Seq Software. A revised protocol was used to extract, purify, and sequence the community DNA; theseRead MoreMedicine Is Closely Intertwined With Warfare1475 Words   |  6 PagesPenicillin was an upgrade to previously used antibiotics, its manufacturing process was revolutionary, and it caused implications in patent rights. A group of Oxford scientists built upon the discovery by Alexander Flemming in order to mass produce penicillin. In the course of his research, Sir Flemming noticed that the secretions of a certain strain of mold, Penicillium notatum, killed surrounding bacteria. The purification of penicillin from the secretions, however, proved difficult. In the lateRead MoreWater Purification6210 Words   |  25 PagesWater purification  is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes suchRead MoreWater Purification6210 Words   |  25 PagesWater purification  is t he process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes suchRead Moretcc-Travancore cochin chemicals6149 Words   |  25 Pagesunits in the gulf and western countries are selling  caustic soda at a cheaper price. MAJOR COUNTRIES PRODUCING CAUSTIC SODA USA France Russia China India Germany Canada Japan 2.2 INDIAN SCENARIO In India caustic soda is  produced by electrolytic process. The manufacture of caustic soda  started  during  1940  .The  growth  was slow  during  1960  but after that the  growth picked up substantially. Today there are 38  industries manufacturing caustic soda of which 40 are organized sector and the rest belongRead MoreSolar Water Purifier7062 Words   |  29 Pagessolar water purifier directly impacts on achieving universal education and reducing the rate of mortality. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Is Combating...

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is the unit of the United Nations (UN) charged with combating illicit drugs, terrorism, and other criminal activity. It is headquartered in Vienna, Austria, and has twenty-one field offices and a liaison office in New York. The agency has approximately 500 members across the globe who develop and enforce drug control policies that are responsive to their individual needs. The UNODC’s work program consists of three major pillars. The first of these is research and analysis of substance abuse issues and the relationship of these concerns to policy and operational decisions. The second is the promotion of treaties and legislation among member nations to develop programs to counter drug†¦show more content†¦The agency’s Global Program for Trafficking in Human Beings was created to thwart the rapidly growing problems of the smuggling of migrants for labor purposes and the trafficking of people for prostitution, slave labor, and the sex industry. The Global Program against Transnational Crime attempts to supply member states with information, data, training, and policy formation strategies to combat organized transnational criminal activity. The Global Program against Corruption focuses on helping member nations establish procedures to reduce corruption in government by implementing watchdog strategies. The Global Program against Terr orism assists members in enacting legislative policies designed to prevent and suppress terrorist activity and works in tandem with the Counter-Terrorism Committee of the Security Council, the Office of Legal Affairs, and local organizations. The UNODC also operates a Legal Advisory Program that provides assistance to member nations in the development of legal and structural frameworks for the successful execution of programs designed to fight drug problems and the accompanying criminal issues of terrorism, money laundering, and others. The UNODC’s Global Assessment Program is directly involved with initiatives designed to reduce the spread of HIV through the prevention of drug use. This program is responsible for supplying accurate and up-to-date statistical data on drug use as well as developing strategies to inhibit drug use throughShow MoreRelatedControlling Organized Crime1363 Words   |  6 PagesControlling Organized Crime CJA384 Controlling Organized Crime Since the 1990’s, organized crime has become a problem among U.S. citizens. The Mafia was the earliest group to show its strengths of power and manipulation among citizens and business of New York City. From the time of the Mafia’s rise, other criminal organizations have surfaced using their power to corrupt personal within business for the gain of finance and political strength. In today society, one of the main question whenRead MoreThe Crime Of Money Laundering1445 Words   |  6 Pagesproceeds of crime can be disguised. Proceeds of crime can simply be put as money earned from profit-oriented crime. The methods used are many and highly complicated. Corruption is one of the organised crime which is said to be primarily associated with the laundering of proceeds through money laundering. Technological tools accord further chances for individuals to employ money laundering as a process of ‘cleaning up’ dirty money and obscure the trail leading back to the underlying crime. The crime of moneyRead MoreBudget And Policy Paper1597 Words   |  7 Pages War on Drugs Bridget Brown, Shaketra Jones, Matt Anderson, Jerry Carter, and Lisa Rivers CJA/464 Matthew Kite October 20, 2014 More than 45 years ago President Richard Nixon announced and declared the nation is at war, that war was the War on Drugs. Nancy Reagan campaigned heavily in the fight against drug use as well; her fight was that of teaching young children the slogan of â€Å"Just Say No†. The goals of the criminal justice system in the war on drugs have beenRead MoreFRAMEWORK OF ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND COMBATING OF FINANCIAL TERRORISM IN THE ECOWAS REGION11171 Words   |  45 Pagesï » ¿FRAMEWORK OF ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND COMBATING OF FINANCIAL TERRORISM IN THE ECOWAS REGION By Oladeji Ifeoluwa Temiloluï€ ª 1.0 Introduction Money laundering as a form of cross border crime involves the use of legal tender in a financial transaction in order to conceal the origin, source or destination of such legal tender derived through illegal means. The sole aim of every money launderer is to misrepresent to any law enforcement authority or agency that the source of the funds are cleanRead MoreEssay about Money Laundering2233 Words   |  9 Pagesfunds from criminal activity are converted into â€Å"clean money† and cannot be traced back to the criminal activity. The goal is to conceal the criminal activity and the criminals involved. One of the main reasons people commit criminal acts is to make money off of it. Money laundering allows criminals to enjoy these illegal proceeds without law enforcement noticing. Money laundering can be used in drug trafficking, terrorism financing, or tax evasion. Obviously selling drugs is illegal. The drug industryRead MoreThe Role of U.S. Customs and Border Protection2503 Words   |  10 Pagescombat threats of specific time eras. U.S. Customs has grown from collecting of revenue during the 1800s to fighting the War on Drugs, and well into the 21st century where combating terrorism would be yet another mission undertaken by CBP. Without a doubt, the U.S. Customs Service has played an active role in the protection of the nation’s borders against terrorism, criminal drug lords, and even the violation of intellectual property theft. Origins of the U.S. Customs Service The U.S. Customs wasRead More America’s Drug War Essay3563 Words   |  15 PagesThe War on Drugs, like the war on Terrorism, is a war that America may not be able to afford to win. For over forty years the United States has been fighting the War on Drugs and there is no end in sight. It has turned into a war that is about politics and economics rather than about drugs and criminals. The victims of this war are numerous; but perhaps they are not as numerous as those who benefit from the war itself. History of U.S Drug Policy: While laws prohibiting the use of drugs, in one formRead More Changes in Operations are Needed for Future Threats and Terrorism in the United States3063 Words   |  13 PagesThreats and terrorism will always exist and are constantly evolving. Even after the dreadful 9/11 attacks, terrorists remain diligent at planning attacks against the United States and its allies. Although not on the same scale as the 9/11 attacks, terrorists have successfully executed plots in the United States, the United Kingdom and France. For example, on April 15, 2013, an attack at the Boston Marathon occurred, killing three people and injuring 264 individuals. In the United Kingdom, onRead MoreWar on Drugs Research Essay2406 Words   |  10 PagesDrug use and abuse is an expensive problem in the United States, both financially and socially. The War on Drugs has been an ongoing effort to combat drug abuse, drug use and crime associated with the drug trade. Its a war without a clear enemy. Anything wag ed against a shapeless, intangible noun can never truly be won — President Clintons drug czar Gen. Barry McCaffrey said as much in 1996. (TIME 2009) Despite the trillions of dollars waged on the war on drugs and the countless arrest made relatedRead MoreRealism Theory and Narcoterrorism Essays7379 Words   |  30 PagesBelaà ºnde Terry of Peru first defined the term â€Å"narco-terrorism† in 1983. The term was first created to describe terrorist-type attacks against Peru’s anti-narcotics police. President Terry used to the word â€Å"narco-terrorism† to attempt to describe the narcotics trafficker’s use of violence and intimidation to influence the policies of the government. However, the word narco-terrorism has more than just one definition. According to the DEA, narco-terrorism is defined as, â€Å"participation of groups or associated

School Lunches free essay sample

Honors English Persuasive Essay We Are Hungry It is a YouTube sensation. A video made by high school teens titled We Are Hungry is an exaggerated but necessary cry for a change. In the tune of hit song We Are Young the video depicts teens falling asleep during class and slumping to the floor during sports practices. As silly as the video gets at times it boils down to one thing. There needs to be a change. School lunches need to have more calories and bigger portions to support the growing bodies of the children and teens eating them. New legislation passed in the US limits the calorie intake of school meals to 650 calories for elementary school, 700 calories for middle school and only 850 calories for high school students(Health and Family). These calorie levels are only a fraction of what active teens require for their daily intake. In a simple calorie generator found online, I plugged in my gender, height, weight, age, and exercise level to find out my recommended daily intake. My daily calorie need was 3800 calories. This number is fairly high for the average teen, who should be getting around 2,500 calories, but many other athletes require similar levels of energy to mine. Michelle Obama’s new lunch policy requires high school lunches to have between 750 and 850 calories. Using the recommended number given to me by the calorie generator, I found that the school lunches are less than 20% of my required daily intake. This means that at lunch, one of the bigger meals of the day, I am only getting 1/5th of my required calorie intake to maintain healthy energy levels and body weight. Her policy also requires schools to provide more fruits and vegetables. This may seem like a good thing, and it is, but in the process of adding more fruits and vegetables to the menu they removed almost all of the higher calorie sides. Now, instead of having options such as breads, french fries, or soups students are forced to have one main entree followed by 3 healthy â€Å"sides†. These sides consist of a miniature bag of baby carrots, a plastic dish that contains a couple pieces of lettuce, or an orange that could probably fit inside an easter egg. Lunches are required to have under 850 calories but many students get even less because they dont want to eat these sides and there are no other options available to them. FeedingAmerica. org states that 26. 7% of students face food uncertainty(Feeding America). This may sound like an odd statistic but food uncertainty means that they dont know where their next meal is going to come from. For about 20 million students, school breakfasts and lunches are the only meals that they get during the week. Legislation passed that limited lunch calories also affected breakfast limits. School breakfast may now only have between 450 and 600 calories. If a students only meals are school breakfast and lunch he or she is only getting a maximum of 1450 calories. This is about the same amount as the average vegetarian(1300). As a student body, its easy to claim we’re not getting enough to eat, but what are some solutions that stay within budget and provide more food to the students? Soups need to be put back as an item on the regularly priced lunch. Soups used to be a part of a lunch but now that there is calorie limits a bowl of soup will cost you $1. 5. Soup is a cheap and easy way to provide students with vegetables as well as meat and it is high calorie for the athletes and active teens who need it. Our school also needs to replace the slushy machines with healthier and more nutritious options. Everyday I get a slushy for lunch because it comes free with a meal, but if I had a choice I get rid of these sugary slushies that provide no nutritional value and in its place I would give students options between a buttered roll or veggie chips. This would provide healthier alories and would be cheaper than having to run slushy machines for 2 hours each day. Not to mention paying for all the flavoring to go in them. This bread would give students more carbohydrates which allow them to have energy for longer periods of time as opposed to the crash that comes after consuming sugary foods such as candy or slushies. Many people might argue that not all people need these extra calories and that by providing students with more food it would be putting less active teens at risk for obesity. I completely understand this point of view and I am aware that obesity is becoming an epidemic in this country. In order to combat this argument however schools should lower the price of a second meal. If I wanted to get two helpings of a certain meal that the school is providing I would need to pay for two full lunches regardless if I am buying all the sides and milk that comes with a the lunch. A second helping of a meal should be at a reduced price. This allows kids who dont need the extra calories to get a healthy amount of food and it would provide the active teens who do with a more affordable way to get more food. School lunches were just a major topic of conversation in many politic discussions across the country, but for the wrong reasons. Schools should not be banning the amount of calories they provide but instead encouraging teens to eat the right calories and giving teens who participate in sports affordable ways to get more food. If you feel hungry or tired in the periods after lunch this could be a problem for you too. You can help by going to a school board meeting and bringing it up, writing a letter to the superintendent, or even talking personally with the head cafeteria lady. Calorie limits should only be for those who need it, and by putting them in place it causes everyone else to suffer.